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Pubblicazioni recenti - cardiovascular disease
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Urinary Estrogen Metabolites and Long-Term Mortality Following Breast Cancer.
JNCI Cancer Spectr2020 Jun;4(3):pkaa014. doi: 10.1093/jncics/pkaa014.
Wang Tengteng, Nichols Hazel B, Nyante Sarah J, Bradshaw Patrick T, Moorman Patricia G, Kabat Geoffrey C, Parada Humberto, Khankari Nikhil K, Teitelbaum Susan L, Terry Mary Beth, Santella Regina M, Neugut Alfred I, Gammon Marilie D,
Abstract
Background:
Estrogen metabolite concentrations of 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE) and 16-hydroxyestrone (16-OHE) may be associated with breast carcinogenesis. However, no study has investigated their possible impact on mortality after breast cancer.
Methods:
This population-based study was initiated in 1996-1997 with spot urine samples obtained shortly after diagnosis (mean?=?96?days) from 683 women newly diagnosed with first primary breast cancer and 434 age-matched women without breast cancer. We measured urinary concentrations of 2-OHE and 16-OHE using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Vital status was determined via the National Death Index (n?=?244 deaths after a median of 17.7?years of follow-up). We used multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the estrogen metabolites-mortality association. We evaluated effect modification using likelihood ratio tests. All statistical tests were two-sided.
Results:
Urinary concentrations of the 2-OHE to 16-OHE ratio (>median of 1.8 vs ?median) were inversely associated with all-cause mortality (HR?=?0.74, 95% CI?=?0.56 to 0.98) among women with breast cancer. Reduced hazard was also observed for breast cancer mortality (HR?=?0.73, 95% CI?=?0.45 to 1.17) and cardiovascular diseases mortality (HR?=?0.76, 95% CI?=?0.47 to 1.23), although the 95% confidence intervals included the null. Similar findings were also observed for women without breast cancer. The association with all-cause mortality was more pronounced among breast cancer participants who began chemotherapy before urine collection (n?=?118, HR?=?0.42, 95% CI?=?0.22 to 0.81) than among those who had not (n?=?559, HR?=?0.98, 95% CI?=?0.72 to 1.34; = .008).
Conclusions:
The urinary 2-OHE to 16-OHE ratio may be inversely associated with long-term all-cause mortality, which may depend on cancer treatment status at the time of urine collection.
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.
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The HIV Outpatient Study-25 Years of HIV Patient Care and Epidemiologic Research.
Open Forum Infect Dis2020 May;7(5):ofaa123. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa123.
Buchacz Kate, Armon Carl, Palella Frank J, Novak Richard M, Fuhrer Jack, Tedaldi Ellen, Ward Douglas, Mayer Cynthia, Battalora Linda, Carlson Kimberly, Purinton Stacey, Durham Marcus, Li Jun, ,
Abstract
Background:
The clinical epidemiology of treated HIV infection in the United States has dramatically changed in the past 25 years. Few sources of longitudinal data exist for people with HIV (PWH) spanning that period. Cohort data enable investigating new exposure and disease associations and monitoring progress along the HIV care continuum.
Methods:
We synthesized key published findings and conducted primary data analyses in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS), an open cohort of PWH seen at public and private HIV clinics since 1993. We assessed temporal trends in health outcomes (1993-2017) and mortality (1994-2017) for 10 566 HOPS participants.
Results:
The HOPS contributed to characterizing new conditions (eg, lipodystrophy), demonstrated reduced mortality with earlier HIV treatment, uncovered associations between select antiretroviral agents and cardiovascular disease, and documented remarkable shifts in morbidity from AIDS opportunistic infections to chronic noncommunicable diseases. The median CD4 cell count of participants increased from 244 cells/mm to 640 cells/mm from 1993 to 2017. Mortality fell from 121 to 16 per 1000 person-years from 1994 to 2017 (?
Conclusions:
Since 1993, the HOPS has been detecting emerging issues and challenges in HIV disease management. HOPS data can also be used for monitoring trends in infectious and chronic diseases, immunologic and viral suppression status, retention in care, and survival, thereby informing progress toward the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative.
Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America 2020.
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Identification of Susceptibility Modules and Genes for Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetic Patients Using WGCNA Analysis.
J Diabetes Res2020 ;2020():4178639. doi: 10.1155/2020/4178639.
Liang Weiwei, Sun Fangfang, Zhao Yiming, Shan Lizhen, Lou Hanyu,
Abstract
Objective:
To identify susceptibility modules and genes for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA).
Methods:
The raw data of GSE13760 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) website. Genes with a false discovery rate < 0.05 and a log2 fold change ? 0.5 were included in the analysis. WGCNA was used to build a gene coexpression network, screen important modules, and filter the hub genes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed for the genes in modules with clinical interest. Genes with a significance over 0.2 and a module membership over 0.8 were used as hub genes. Subsequently, we screened these hub genes in the published genome-wide SNP data of cardiovascular disease. The overlapped genes were defined as key genes.
Results:
Fourteen gene coexpression modules were constructed via WGCNA analysis. Module greenyellow was mostly significantly correlated with diabetes. The GO analysis showed that genes in the module greenyellow were mainly enriched in extracellular matrix organization, extracellular exosome, and calcium ion binding. The KEGG analysis showed that the genes in the module greenyellow were mainly enriched in antigen processing and presentation, phagosome. Fifteen genes were identified as hub genes. Finally, , , and were identified as key genes.
Conclusion:
This was the first study that used the WGCNA method to construct a coexpression network to explore diabetes-associated susceptibility modules and genes for cardiovascular disease. Our study identified a module and several key genes that acted as essential components in the etiology of diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease, which may enhance our fundamental knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease.
Copyright © 2020 Weiwei Liang et al.
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Two False Negative Test Results in a Symptomatic Patient with a Confirmed Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Suspected Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS/TEN).
Cureus2020 May;12(5):e8198. doi: 10.7759/cureus.8198.
Lagziel Tomer, Quiroga Luis, Ramos Margarita, Hultman Charles S, Asif Mohammed,
Abstract
The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has put significant strain on the current health system and has exposed dangers previously overlooked. The pathogen known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), is notable for attacking the pulmonary system causing acute respiratory distress, but it can also severely affect other systems in at-risk individuals including cardiovascular compromise, gastrointestinal distress, acute kidney injury, coagulopathies, cutaneous manifestations, and ultimately death from multi-organ failure. Unfortunately, the reliability of negative test results is questionable and the high infectious burden of the virus calls for extended safety precautions, especially in symptomatic patients. We present a confirmed COVID-19 case that was transferred to our burn center for concern of Steven Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) overlap syndrome after having two negative confirmatory COVID-19 tests at an outside hospital. A 58-year-old female with a history of morbid obesity, HTN, gout, CML managed with imatinib, and chronic kidney disease presented as a transfer from a community hospital to our burn center. The patient was admitted to her community hospital with febrile, acute respiratory distress. Imaging and clinical presentation was consistent with COVID-19 and lab tests for the pathogen were ordered. During observation, while waiting for results, she was placed under patient under investigation (PUI) protocol. Once negative results were obtained, the PUI protocol was abandoned despite ongoing symptoms. Subsequently, dermatological symptoms developed and transfer to our burn center was initiated. After a second negative test result, the symptomatic patient was transferred to our burn center for expert wound management. Given the lack of resolve of respiratory symptoms and concern for the burn patient population, the patient was placed in PUI protocol and an internal COVID-19 was ordered. The patient's initial exam under standard COVID-19 airborne precautions revealed 5% total body surface area of loss of epidermis affecting bilateral thighs, bilateral arms, and face. A dermatopathological biopsy suggested a bullous drug reaction with an erythema multiform-like reaction pattern versus SJS/TEN. Moreover, the internal COVID-19 test returned positive. The delayed positive test results and complicated hospital course with our patient required us to scale back and notify every patient and staff member whom they came in contact with, across multiple institutions. We suggest that whenever a suspected COVID-19 patient is transferred to a specialized center, they should be isolated and re-checked before joining the new patient population for treatment of the unique condition.
Copyright © 2020, Lagziel et al.
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Acute Esophageal Necrosis in a Septic Patient with a History of Cardiovascular Disease.
Case Rep Gastrointest Med2020 ;2020():1416743. doi: 10.1155/2020/1416743.
Coles Michael, Madray Victoria, Uy Pearl,
Abstract
Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN), or colloquially named "black esophagus," is a rare clinical condition often associated with ischemic injury to the esophagus secondary to splanchnic vasoconstriction during hypotensive episodes. We present a case of a 78-year-old man with extensive cardiovascular disease who was initially admitted for gallstone pancreatitis and possible cholangitis. His hospital course was complicated by possible sepsis secondary to aspiration pneumonia and hematemesis secondary to acute ischemic esophageal necrosis as noted on upper endoscopy. Interestingly, the patient only had a transient episode of hypotension (approximately 35 minutes) not requiring vasopressor support, which improved with fluid resuscitation, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) done 3 days prior showed normal esophageal mucosa. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of acute esophageal necrosis as a potential etiology of gastrointestinal (GI) bleed in patients with cardiovascular disease and sepsis.
Copyright © 2020 Michael Coles et al.
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Alzheimer's Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: A Particular Association.
Cardiol Res Pract2020 ;2020():2617970. doi: 10.1155/2020/2617970.
Tini Giacomo, Scagliola Riccardo, Monacelli Fiammetta, La Malfa Giovanni, Porto Italo, Brunelli Claudio, Rosa Gian Marco,
Abstract
Methods:
This review is based on the material obtained via MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and Clinical Trials databases, from January 1980 until May 2019. The search term used was "Alzheimer's disease," combined with "cardiovascular disease," "hypertension," "dyslipidaemia," "diabetes mellitus," "atrial fibrillation," "coronary artery disease," "heart valve disease," and "heart failure." Out of the 1,328 papers initially retrieved, 431 duplicates and 216 records in languages other than English were removed. Among the 681 remaining studies, 98 were included in our research material on the basis of the following inclusion criteria: (a) the community-based studies; (b) using standardized diagnostic criteria; (c) reporting raw prevalence data; (d) with separate reported data for sex and age classes.
Results:
While AD and CVD alone may be considered deleterious to health, the study of their combination constitutes a clinical challenge. Further research will help to clarify the real impact of vascular factors on these diseases. It may be hypothesized that there are various mechanisms underlying the association between AD and CVD, the main ones being hypoperfusion and emboli, atherosclerosis, and the fact that, in both the heart and brain of AD patients, amyloid deposits may be present, thus causing damage to these organs.
Conclusions:
AD and CVD are frequently associated. Further studies are needed in order to understand the effect of CVD and its risk factors on AD in order to better comprehend the effects of subclinical and clinical CVD on the brain. Finally, we need to clarify the impact of the underlying hypothesized mechanisms of this association and to investigate gender issues.
Copyright © 2020 Giacomo Tini et al.
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Childhood Hypertension in Urban-Rural Areas of China: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Int J Hypertens2020 ;2020():2374231. doi: 10.1155/2020/2374231.
Liang Xiaohua, Xiao Lun, Luo Yetao, Xu Jiapei,
Abstract
Objective:
The increased blood pressure level in children and adolescents is recognized as an essential predictor of adulthood cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and the urban-rural disparity of childhood hypertension in the southwest of China.
Methods:
Using stratified cluster sampling in urban and rural areas, a total of 13597 primary school children aged 6?12 years living in the Southwest of China were included. The prevalence of hypertension was analyzed. The risk factors were collected by questionnaires, and the risk factors of childhood hypertension were analyzed by the logistic regression model.
Results:
The prevalence of hypertension was 13.75%, 9.02%, and 17.47% in total, urban, and rural children, respectively, and the urban-rural difference was 8.44% (95%CI: 7.32%, 9.56%). Children with obesity, maternal gestational hypertension, >10 months of breastfeeding, or low family income had a significantly increased prevalence of hypertension (29.4%, 20.00%, 16.31%, and 16.25%, respectively). Rural residence, intake of more pickle (in rural), maternal gestational hypertension (in urban), low birth weight (in rural), obesity, increased heart rate, and red blood cell counts were the risk factors of childhood hypertension. The adjusted values were 13.61%, 23.25%, 10.88%, 11.12%, 12.23%, and 25.04% in the full models excluding and including serum indexes for total, urban, and rural children, respectively.
Conclusions:
The prevalence of childhood hypertension is significant in the Southwest of China and alarming in rural areas, which requires community intervention. Children living in rural areas combined with obesity, low social economic status, dietary imbalance, and abnormal lipid metabolism were associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and routine care programs should be conducted to prevent childhood hypertension.
Copyright © 2020 Xiaohua Liang et al.
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Intelligent Diagnosis of Heart Murmurs in Children with Congenital Heart Disease.
J Healthc Eng2020 ;2020():9640821. doi: 10.1155/2020/9640821.
Wang Jiaming, You Tao, Yi Kang, Gong Yaqin, Xie Qilian, Qu Fei, Wang Bangzhou, He Zhaoming,
Abstract
Heart auscultation is a convenient tool for early diagnosis of heart diseases and is being developed to be an intelligent tool used in online medicine. Currently, there are few studies on intelligent diagnosis of pediatric murmurs due to congenital heart disease (CHD). The purpose of the study was to develop a method of intelligent diagnosis of pediatric CHD murmurs. Phonocardiogram (PCG) signals of 86 children were recorded with 24 children having normal heart sounds and 62 children having CHD murmurs. A segmentation method based on the discrete wavelet transform combined with Hadamard product was implemented to locate the first and the second heart sounds from the PCG signal. Ten features specific to CHD murmurs were extracted as the input of classifier after segmentation. Eighty-six artificial neural network classifiers were composed into a classification system to identify CHD murmurs. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of diagnosis for heart murmurs were 93%, 93.5%, and 91.7%, respectively. In conclusion, a method of intelligent diagnosis of pediatric CHD murmurs is developed successfully and can be used for online screening of CHD in children.
Copyright © 2020 Jiaming Wang et al.
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Paternal Resistance Training Induced Modifications in the Left Ventricle Proteome Independent of Offspring Diet.
Oxid Med Cell Longev2020 ;2020():5603580. doi: 10.1155/2020/5603580.
de Sousa Neto Ivo Vieira, Tibana Ramires Alsamir, Prestes Jonato, de Oliveira da Silva Leonardo Gomes, Almeida Jeeser Alves, Franco Octavio Luiz, de Oliveira Edilamar Menezes, Voltarelli Fabricio Azevedo, Durigan João Luiz Quaglioti, de Sousa Marcelo Valle, Ricart Carlos André O, Botelho Katyelle, Castro Mariana S, Fontes Wagner, de Cassia Marqueti Rita,
Abstract
Ancestral obesogenic exposure is able to trigger harmful effects in the offspring left ventricle (LV) which could lead to cardiovascular diseases. However, the impact of the father's lifestyle on the offspring LV is largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of paternal resistance training (RT) on the offspring left ventricle (LV) proteome exposed to control or high-fat (HF) diet. Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: sedentary fathers and trained fathers (8 weeks, 3 times per week with weights secured to the animals' tails). The offspring were obtained by mating with sedentary females. Upon weaning, male offspring were divided into 4 groups (5 animals per group): offspring from sedentary fathers, exposed to control diet (SFO-C); offspring from trained fathers, exposed to control diet (TFO-C); offspring from sedentary fathers, exposed to high-fat diet (SFO-HF); and offspring from trained fathers, exposed to high-fat diet (TFO-HF). The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 537 regulated proteins among groups. Offspring exposure to HF diet caused reduction in the abundance levels of proteins related to cell component organization, metabolic processes, and transport. Proteins related to antioxidant activity, transport, and transcription regulation were increased in TFO-C and TFO-HF as compared with the SFO-C and SFO-HF groups. Paternal RT demonstrated to be an important intervention capable of inducing significant effects on the LV proteome regardless of offspring diet due to the increase of proteins involved into LV homeostasis maintenance. This study contributes to a better understanding of the molecular aspects involved in transgenerational inheritance.
Copyright © 2020 Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto et al.
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Unveiling the Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress on Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases.
Oxid Med Cell Longev2020 ;2020():1954398. doi: 10.1155/2020/1954398.
de Almeida Arthur José Pontes Oliveira, de Almeida Rezende Mathania Silva, Dantas Sabine Helena, de Lima Silva Sonaly, de Oliveira Júlio César Pinheiro Lúcio, de Lourdes Assunção Araújo de Azevedo Fátima, Alves Rayanne Maira Felix Ribeiro, de Menezes Geovânia Maria Sales, Dos Santos Pablo Ferreira, Gonçalves Tays Amanda Felisberto, Schini-Kerth Valérie B, de Medeiros Isac Almeida,
Abstract
The global population above 60 years has been growing exponentially in the last decades, which is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases, highlighting cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Aging is the main risk factor for these diseases. Such susceptibility to disease is explained, at least in part, by the increase of oxidative stress, in which it damages cellular components such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. In addition, the chronic inflammatory process in aging "inflammaging" also contributes to cell damage, creating a stressful environment which drives to the development of CVDs. Taken together, it is possible to identify the molecular connection between oxidative stress and the inflammatory process, especially by the crosstalk between the transcription factors Nrf-2 and NF-B which are mediated by redox signalling and are involved in aging. Therapies that control this process are key targets in the prevention/combat of age-related CVDs. In this review, we show the basics of inflammation and oxidative stress, including the crosstalk between them, and the implications on age-related CVDs.
Copyright © 2020 Arthur José Pontes Oliveira de Almeida et al.
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Alterations in Serum Adropin, Adiponectin, and Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels in OSAS.
Can Respir J2020 ;2020():2571283. doi: 10.1155/2020/2571283.
Celikhisar Hakan, Ilkhan Gulay Dasdemir,
Abstract
Objective:
The present study was planned to examine the relationships between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and the newly revealed adipokines adropin and adiponectin concentrations that display significant metabolic and cardiovascular functions and the levels of proinflammatory cytokine levels.
Method:
A total of 166 overweight and obese male patients with a body mass index (BMI) >27?kg/m were included in the study. Among study participants, 84 were recently diagnosed with OSAS by polysomnography with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ?5, and 82 were nonapneic with normal polysomnography (AHI<5) findings. The serum adropin and adiponectin levels of all cases were analyzed via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Serum interleukin-1 (IL-1) beta and tumor necrotizing factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels were determined using Luminex cytokine multiplex analyses.
Results:
The mean age of the OSAS patients was 50.9?±?5.7 years and BMI was 32.4?±?6.0?kg/m, and there was no statistically significant difference determined with the control group (49.3?±?5.8 years and 30.6?±?5, 6?kg/m) ( > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the OSAS and control groups concerning total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and glucose levels. Adiponectin was lower in the OSAS group at a statistically significant level in comparison with the control group and was related at a statistically significant level to OSAS intensity. Adropin concentration was determined to be higher in the OSAS group at a statistically significant level in comparison with the control group.
Conclusion:
The results of our study suggest that increased adropin concentration may be an indicator of endothelium dysfunction in OSAS patients. Serum adropin and adiponectin levels may be new bioindicators used for diagnosis and risk assessment in OSAS patients.
Copyright © 2020 Hakan Celikhisar and Gulay Dasdemir Ilkhan.
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Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil an Ally for Women's and Men's Cardiovascular Health?
Cardiovasc Ther2020 ;2020():6719301. doi: 10.1155/2020/6719301.
Franconi Flavia, Campesi Ilaria, Romani Annalisa,
Abstract
Noncommunicable diseases are long-lasting and slowly progressive and are the leading causes of death and disability. They include cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) that are rising worldwide, with CVD being the leading cause of death in developed countries. Thus, there is a need to find new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Polyphenols seem to have cardioprotective properties; among them, polyphenols and/or minor polar compounds of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) are attracting special interest. In consideration of numerous sex differences present in CVD and DM, in this narrative review, we applied "gender glasses." Globally, it emerges that olive oil and its derivatives exert some anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, modulate glucose metabolism, and ameliorate endothelial dysfunction. However, as in prescription drugs, also in this case there is an important gender bias because the majority of the preclinical studies are performed on male animals, and the sex of donors of cells is not often known; thus a sex/gender bias characterizes preclinical research. There are numerous clinical studies that seem to suggest the benefits of EVOO and its derivatives in CVD; however, these studies have numerous limitations, presenting also a considerable heterogeneity across the interventions. Among limitations, one of the most relevant in the era of personalized medicine, is the non-attention versus women that are few and, also when they are enrolled, sex analysis is lacking. Therefore, in our opinion, it is time to perform more long, extensive and lessheterogeneous trials enrolling both women and men.
Copyright © 2020 Flavia Franconi et al.
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Network Pharmacology-Based Approach to Investigate the Mechanisms of Mahai Capsules in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med2020 ;2020():9180982. doi: 10.1155/2020/9180982.
Shi Minjuan, Li Bo, Yuan Qiuzhen, Gan Xuefeng, Ren Xiao, Jiang Shanshan, Liu Zhuo,
Abstract
Background:
Mahai capsules (MHC) have been deemed to be an effective herb combination for treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) development and improvement of the life quality of CVD patients. To systematically explore the mechanisms of MHC in CVD, a network pharmacology approach mainly comprising target prediction, network construction, biological process and pathway analysis, and related diseases was adopted in this study.
Methods:
We collected the bioactive compounds and potential targets of MHC through the TCMSP servers. Candidate targets related to CVD were collected from Therapeutic Targets Database and PharmGkb database and analyzed using ClueGO plugin in Cytoscape. KEGG pathway was enriched and analyzed through the EnrichR platform, and protein-protein interaction networks were calculated by STRING platform. The compound-target, target-disease, and compound-target-disease networks were constructed using Cytoscape.
Results:
A total of 303 targets of the 57 active ingredients in MHC were obtained. The network analysis showed that PTGS2, PTGS1, HSP90, Scn1a, estrogen receptor, calmodulin, and thrombin were identified as key targets of MHC in the treatment of CVD. The functional enrichment analysis indicated that MHC probably produced the therapeutic effects against CVD by synergistically regulating many biological pathways, such as PI3K-Akt, TNF, HIF-1, FoxO, apoptosis, calcium, T-cell receptor, VEGF, and NF-kappa signaling pathway.
Conclusions:
In summary, the analysis of the complete profile of the pharmacological properties, as well as the elucidation of targets, networks, and pathways, can further illuminate that the underlying mechanisms of MHC in CVD might be strongly associated with its synergic regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, and immune function, and provide new clues for its future development of therapeutic strategies and basic research.
Copyright © 2020 Minjuan Shi et al.
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Intervention Mechanisms of Xinmailong Injection, a Extract, on Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review of Basic Researches.
Evid Based Complement Alternat Med2019 ;2019():8512405. doi: 10.1155/2019/8512405.
Lin Shan-Shan, Liu Chun-Xiang, Wang Xian-Liang, Mao Jing-Yuan,
Abstract
Background:
At present, the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in the world are facing severe challenges. Xinmailong injection, which is derived from the animal medicine , has certain advantages in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular disease. This study systematically evaluated the basic research reports of Xinmailong Injection on cardiovascular disease and made its pharmacological mechanisms more clear.
Methods:
Basic research reports on the intervention mechanisms of Xinmailong Injection on cardiovascular disease in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library (No. 2, 2019), CNKI, Wan Fang, and VIP databases were searched. The search time limit was from the establishment of the database to February 2019. The literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then the data were extracted and a descriptive analysis of the pharmacological mechanisms of Xinmailong Injection on cardiovascular disease was performed.
Results:
Finally, twenty-two basic research reports were included. The intervention mechanisms of Xinmailong Injection on cardiovascular disease mainly includes the following: inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction; regulating autophagy; promoting Ca influx by activating excitability of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC); inhibiting overexpressions of transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) to regulate the dynamic balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs); inhibiting the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins and overexpression of the downstream transcription factor GATA4 in the nucleus; regulating vascular endothelial factors and so on.
Conclusions:
Xinmailong Injection can protect cardiomyocytes and maintain the normal function of the heart in various ways, thus effectively preventing the development of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, Xinmailong Injection has great potential for clinical application, and more basic researches need to be carried out to explore the medicinal value of Xinmailong Injection.
Copyright © 2019 Shan-Shan Lin et al.
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Comparison of Lipid and Lipoprotein Values of Wrestlers and Soccer Players.
Turk J Pharm Sci2020 Apr;17(2):172-176. doi: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.66934.
Çetin Semra, Ece Cuma, Paksoy Meltem, Çetin Hasan Nedim,
Abstract
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to compare the lipid and lipoprotein values of wrestlers and soccer players.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 35 subjects, 17 male wrestlers who are sporting for 11.5 years and 18 male soccer player students who are sporting for 11.9 years, participated in this study. Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were determined by Hitachi 717 autoanalyzer. To determine the differences between the wrestlers and the soccer players the independent t-test was performed.
Results:
There was a significant difference in body weight and body mass index between the wrestlers and the soccer players (p<0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences in plasma TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C values between the wrestlers and soccer players (all, p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in plasma TG values between the wrestlers and the soccer players (p>0.05). On the other hand, TC and LDL-C values of the wrestlers were significantly higher than soccer players (p<0.05). The HDL-C values of the soccer players were significantly higher the wrestlers (p<0.05). The ratio TC/HDL-C of the wrestlers was markedly higher than soccer players (p<0.05).
Conclusion:
TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C values of the soccer players were in better ranges than wrestlers. This situation can be caused by the effect of different sports branches as well as the training differences. The lipid and lipoprotein values of the wrestlers and soccer players showed that they do not carry a risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, it can be recommended that wrestlers should do jogging or aerobic training in their daily regular training.
©Copyright 2020 Turk J Pharm Sci, Published by Galenos Publishing House.
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An Overview of iQOS as a New Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Product and Its Potential Effects on Human Health and the Environment.
Turk J Pharm Sci2019 Sep;16(3):371-374. doi: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2018.79095.
Ba?aran Rahman, Güven Naile Merve, Eke Benay Can,
Abstract
Tobacco smoke from regular cigarettes contains a number of harmful chemicals such as nicotine, arsenic, benzene, carbon monoxide, heavy metals, and tobacco-derived nitrosamines. About 1% of over 7000 chemical substances formed by burning tobacco are identified as the leading causes or possible risk factors of smoking-related diseases such as lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and emphysema. The concept of heating tobacco without combustion and smoke has been designed for more than two decades. The products developed with this idea, known as "Heat-Not-Burn" tobacco cigarettes, were first introduced in the late 1980s but did not achieve commercial success. However, the tobacco giants have been trying to remarket tobacco heating systems with new technological and modified features for over 10 years. I-Quit-Ordinary-Smoking (iQOS) is one of the latest heat-not-burn tobacco products, first launched in Japan and Italy. The company then made a submission to the Food and Drug Administration as a modified-risk tobacco product application to sell its own tobacco-heating device iQOS under its Marlboro brand in the USA with reduced-risk claims in 2016, but it was rejected. This device is, however, now sold in more than four dozen countries. There are some striking claims that iQOS, which is described as a novel hybrid product between traditional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, offers an alternative way to substantially reduce the amount of harmful components compared with traditional cigarettes by its new technology in which tobacco is heated up to 350°C instead of being burnt. It is claimed to produce vapour containing nearly 90% less toxic substances than cigarette smoke and not be a source of second-hand smoking negatively affecting indoor air quality. The purpose of this article is to objectively review the potential effects of iQOS on human health and the environment by searching and integrating the published research findings.
©Copyright 2019 Turk J Pharm Sci, Published by Galenos Publishing House.
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Inhibition of p38mapk Reduces Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Aging Mediated by Arginase-II.
Pharmacology2020 May;():1-14. doi: 10.1159/000507635.
Huang Ji, Liu Chang, Ming Xiu-Fen, Yang Zhihong,
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Adipose tissue inflammation occurs not only in obesity but also in aging and is mechanistically linked with age-associated diseases. Studies show that ablation of the l-arginine-metabolizing enzyme arginase-II (Arg-II) reduces adipose tissue inflammation and improves glucose tolerance in obesity. However, the role of Arg-II in aging adipose tissue inflammation is not clear.
OBJECTIVE:
This study investigated the role of Arg-II in age-associated adipose tissue inflammation.
METHODS:
Visceral adipose tissues of young (3-6 months) and old (20-24 months) wild-type (WT) and Arg-II-/- mice were investigated. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy was performed for analysis of macrophage accumulation and cellular localization of arginase and cytokines; expression of arginase and cytokines was analyzed by qRT-PCR or immunoblotting or ELISA; activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in adipose tissues was analyzed by immunoblotting; and arginase activity was measured by colorimetric determination of urea production.
RESULTS:
In the old WT mice, there is more macrophage accumulation in the visceral adipose tissues than in Arg-II knockout animals. An age-associated increase in arginase activity and Arg-II expression in adipose tissues of WT mice is observed. Arg-II knockout enhances Arg-I expression and activity, but inhibits interleukin (IL)-6 expression and secretion and reduces active p38mapk in aging adipose tissue macrophages and stromal cells. Treatment of aging adipose tissues of WT mice with a specific p38mapk inhibitor SB203580 reduces IL-6 secretion.
CONCLUSIONS:
Arg-II promotes IL-6 production in aging adipose tissues through p38mapk. The results suggest that targeting Arg-II or inhibiting p38mapk could be beneficial in reducing age-associated adipose tissue inflammation.
© 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Association of antipsychotics adherence and cardiovascular disease among newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients: A national cohort among Koreans.
Asian J Psychiatr2020 May;52():102161. doi: S1876-2018(20)30273-2.
Chang Jooyoung, Kim Jihoon Andrew, Kim Kyuwoong, Choi Seulggie, Kim Sung Min, Nam Yoon-Young, Park Subin, Goo Ae Jin, Park Sang Min,
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The effect of antipsychotics adherence on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among schizophrenia patients has not been studied. While antipsychotic adherence is favorable for all-cause mortality, its association with CVD incidence is unclear due to the potential risk of CVD caused by antipsychotics.
METHODS:
Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service Database, we constructed a case-cohort of 80,581 newly-diagnosed schizophrenia patients between 2004 and 2013 from a cohort of all Koreans 20-40 years old. Patients were divided into quartiles by adherence determined by their two-year medication possession ratio. Patients were followed from two years following the diagnosis of schizophrenia until Dec. 31st, 2017 for the primary outcome of incident CVD and secondary outcomes of stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed adjusting for conventional risk factors.
OUTCOMES:
Newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients were followed for a median of 7.0 years resulting in 1396 incident CVD cases over 5.73?×?10 person-years. When adjusted for potential confounders, the best adherence quartile group had significantly lower risk of CVD (HR, 95%CI; 0.78, 0.66-0.92; p-trend, 0.003), stroke (HR, 95%CI; 0.79, 0.66-0.94; p-trend, 0.015), and all-cause mortality (HR, 95%CI; 0.86, 0.78-0.95; p-trend, 0.003) compared to the worst adherent quartile group. Subgroup analysis by antipsychotics generation, concurrent medication, and comorbidities did not significantly alter results.
INTERPRETATION:
Among newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients, better adherence to antipsychotics lowered the risk CVD incidence despite previously suggested antipsychotic-associated CVD risk. Thus, efforts to improve antipsychotics adherence may improve CVD outcomes in schizophrenia patients.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Ambient air pollution and homocysteine: Current epidemiological evidence and a call for further research.
Environ Res2020 May;187():109679. doi: S0013-9351(20)30572-7.
Yang Bo-Yi, Shi Tong-Xing, Luo Ya-Na, Liu Xiao-Xuan, Zhao Tianyu, Bloom Michael S, Jiang Hai-Zhan, Heinrich Joachim, Fan Shu-Jun, Dong Guang-Hui,
Abstract
Elevated blood homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A growing number of studies have evaluated the link between air pollution and blood Hcy levels, but the results are inconsistent. To date, no systematic review of the published studies has been conducted yet. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of these studies. We systematically searched three international databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) and four Chinese databases (Wanfang, CNKI, CBM, and VIP) for peer-reviewed epidemiological studies investigating associations between ambient air pollutants and Hcy levels published before December 2019. We screened literature, extracted data, assessed methodological quality, and evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies. Of 1157 identified articles, 10 were finally included in this systematic review. Most were cross-sectional studies and were performed in developed countries. Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 ?m (PM) and/or 10 ?m (PM) were investigated in all of the included studies. Overall, the evidence generally supports a positive association between higher PM concentrations and elevated Hcy levels. However, high heterogeneity in terms of study participants, study design, exposure duration, and particle components and sources, low methodological quality and probable high risk of bias in some studies, and limited literature number precluded us from drawing a robust conclusion. Associations between Hcy and gaseous pollutants were explored in only one or two studies, and the results were inconclusive. Additional, well-designed studies remain required to validate the association between air pollution and Hcy.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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A study on infectivity of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers.
Respir Med2020 May;169():106026. doi: S0954-6111(20)30166-9.
Gao Ming, Yang Lihui, Chen Xuefu, Deng Yiyu, Yang Shifang, Xu Hanyi, Chen Zixing, Gao Xinglin,
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
An ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread around the world. It is debatable whether asymptomatic COVID-19 virus carriers are contagious. We report here a case of the asymptomatic patient and present clinical characteristics of 455 contacts, which aims to study the infectivity of asymptomatic carriers.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
455 contacts who were exposed to the asymptomatic COVID-19 virus carrier became the subjects of our research. They were divided into three groups: 35 patients, 196 family members and 224 hospital staffs. We extracted their epidemiological information, clinical records, auxiliary examination results and therapeutic schedules.
RESULTS:
The median contact time for patients was four days and that for family members was five days. Cardiovascular disease accounted for 25% among original diseases of patients. Apart from hospital staffs, both patients and family members were isolated medically. During the quarantine, seven patients plus one family member appeared new respiratory symptoms, where fever was the most common one. The blood counts in most contacts were within a normal range. All CT images showed no sign of COVID-19 infection. No severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections was detected in 455 contacts by nucleic acid test.
CONCLUSION:
In summary, all the 455 contacts were excluded from SARS-CoV-2 infection and we conclude that the infectivity of some asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers might be weak.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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