SOSTIENICI
Guarnieri Dott. Marcello
Pubblicazioni su PubMed
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Diaphragm ultrasound evaluation during weaning from mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients: a pragmatic, cross-section, multicenter study.
Respir Res2022 Aug;23(1):210. doi: 210.
Vetrugno Luigi, Orso Daniele, Corradi Francesco, Zani Gianluca, Spadaro Savino, Meroi Francesco, D'Andrea Natascia, Bove Tiziana, Cammarota Gianmaria, De Robertis Edoardo, Ferrari Samuele, Guarnieri Marcello, Ajuti Margherita, Fusari Maurizio, Grieco Domenico Luca, Deana Cristian, Boero Enrico, Franchi Federico, Scolletta Sabino, Maggiore Salvatore Maurizio, Forfori Francesco
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Diaphragmatic dysfunction is a major factor responsible for weaning failure in patients that underwent prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation for acute severe respiratory failure from COVID-19. This study hypothesizes that ultrasound measured diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTF) could provide corroborating information for weaning COVID-19 patients from mechanical ventilation.
METHODS:
This was an observational, pragmatic, cross-section, multicenter study in 6 Italian intensive care units. DTF was assessed in COVID-19 patients undergoing weaning from mechanical ventilation from 1st March 2020 to 30th June 2021. Primary aim was to evaluate whether DTF is a predictive factor for weaning failure.
RESULTS:
Fifty-seven patients were enrolled, 25 patients failed spontaneous breathing trial (44%). Median length of invasive ventilation was 14 days (IQR 7-22). Median DTF within 24 h since the start of weaning was 28% (IQR 22-39%), RASS score (- 2 vs - 2; p?=?0.031); Kelly-Matthay score (2 vs 1; p?=?0.002); inspiratory oxygen fraction (0.45 vs 0.40; p?=?0.033). PaO/FiO ratio was lower (176 vs 241; p?=?0.032) and length of intensive care stay was longer (27 vs 16.5 days; p?=?0.025) in patients who failed weaning. The generalized linear regression model did not select any variables that could predict weaning failure. DTF was correlated with pH (RR 1.56?×?10; p?=?0.002); Kelly-Matthay score (RR 353; p?0.001); RASS (RR 2.11; p?=?0.003); PaO/FiO ratio (RR 1.03; p?=?0.05); SAPS2 (RR 0.71; p?=?0.005); hospital and ICU length of stay (RR 1.22 and 0.79, respectively; p?0.001 and p?=?0.004).
CONCLUSIONS:
DTF in COVID-19 patients was not predictive of weaning failure from mechanical ventilation, and larger studies are needed to evaluate it in clinical practice further. Registered: ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT05019313, 24 August 2021).
© 2022. The Author(s).
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External chest-wall compression in prolonged COVID-19 ARDS with low-compliance: a physiological study.
Ann Intensive Care2022 Apr;12(1):35. doi: 35.
Bastia Luca, Rezoagli Emanuele, Guarnieri Marcello, Engelberts Doreen, Forlini Clarissa, Marrazzo Francesco, Spina Stefano, Bassi Gabriele, Giudici Riccardo, Post Martin, Bellani Giacomo, Fumagalli Roberto, Brochard Laurent J, Langer Thomas
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
External chest-wall compression (ECC) is sometimes used in ARDS patients despite lack of evidence. It is currently unknown whether this practice has any clinical benefit in patients with COVID-19 ARDS (C-ARDS) characterized by a respiratory system compliance (C)?35 mL/cmHO.
OBJECTIVES:
To test if an ECC with a 5 L-bag in low-compliance C-ARDS can lead to a reduction in driving pressure (DP) and improve gas exchange, and to understand the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS:
Eleven patients with low-compliance C-ARDS were enrolled and underwent 4 steps: baseline, ECC for 60 min, ECC discontinuation and PEEP reduction. Respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, hemodynamics and electrical impedance tomography were recorded. Four pigs with acute ARDS were studied with ECC to understand the effect of ECC on pleural pressure gradient using pleural pressure transducers in both non-dependent and dependent lung regions.
RESULTS:
Five minutes of ECC reduced DP from baseline 14.2?±?1.3 to 12.3?±?1.3 cmHO (P?0.001), explained by an improved lung compliance. Changes in DP by ECC were strongly correlated with changes in DP obtained with PEEP reduction (R?=?0.82, P?0.001). The initial benefit of ECC decreased over time (DP?=?13.3?±?1.5 cmHO at 60 min, P?=?0.03 vs. baseline). Gas exchange and hemodynamics were unaffected by ECC. In four pigs with lung injury, ECC led to a decrease in the pleural pressure gradient at end-inspiration [2.2 (1.1-3) vs. 3.0 (2.2-4.1) cmHO, P?=?0.035].
CONCLUSIONS:
In C-ARDS patients with C?35 mL/cmHO, ECC acutely reduces DP. ECC does not improve oxygenation but it can be used as a simple tool to detect hyperinflation as it improves C and reduces P gradient. ECC benefits seem to partially fade over time. ECC produces similar changes compared to PEEP reduction.
© 2022. The Author(s).
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Effects of Trunk Inclination on Respiratory Mechanics in Patients with COVID-19-associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Let's Always Report the Angle!
Am J Respir Crit Care Med2022 Mar;205(5):582-584. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2360LE.
Marrazzo Francesco, Spina Stefano, Forlini Clarissa, Guarnieri Marcello, Giudici Riccardo, Bassi Gabriele, Bastia Luca, Bottiroli Maurizio, Fumagalli Roberto, Langer Thomas
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Tracheostomy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With SARS-CoV-2-ARDS: Focus on Tracheomalacia.
Respir Care2021 Dec;66(12):1797-1804. doi: 10.4187/respcare.09063.
Guarnieri Marcello, Andreoni Patrizia, Gay Hedwige, Giudici Riccardo, Bottiroli Maurizio, Mondino Michele, Casella Gianpaolo, Chiara Osvaldo, Morelli Oscar, Conforti Serena, Langer Thomas, Fumagalli Roberto
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic increased the number of patients needing invasive mechanical ventilation, either through an endotracheal tube or through a tracheostomy. Tracheomalacia is a rare but potentially severe complication of mechanical ventilation, which can significantly complicate the weaning process. The aim of this study was to describe the strategies of airway management in mechanically ventilated patients with respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2, the incidence of severe tracheomalacia, and investigate the factors associated with its occurrence.
METHODS:
This retrospective, single-center study was performed in an Italian teaching hospital. All adult subjects admitted to the ICU between February 24, 2020, and June 30, 2020, treated with invasive mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2 were included. Clinical data were collected on the day of ICU admission, whereas information regarding airway management was collected daily.
RESULTS:
A total of 151 subjects were included in the study. On admission, ARDS severity was mild in 21%, moderate in 62%, and severe in 17% of the cases, with an overall mortality of 40%. A tracheostomy was performed in 73 (48%), open surgical technique in 54 (74%), and percutaneous Ciaglia technique in 19 (26%). Subjects who had a tracheostomy performed had, compared to the other subjects, a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and longer ICU and hospital stay. Tracheomalacia was diagnosed in 8 (5%). The factors associated with tracheomalacia were female sex, obesity, and tracheostomy.
CONCLUSIONS:
In our population, approximately 50% of subjects with ARDS due to SARS-CoV-2 were tracheostomized. Tracheostomized subjects had a longer ICU and hospital stay. In our population, 5% were diagnosed with tracheomalacia. This percentage is 10 times higher than what is reported in available literature, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood.
Copyright © 2021 by Daedalus Enterprises.
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Associations Between Expiratory Flow Limitation and Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth2022 Mar;36(3):815-824. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.07.035.
Ball Lorenzo, Volta Carlo Alberto, Saglietti Francesco, Spadaro Savino, Di Lullo Antonio, De Simone Giulio, Guarnieri Marcello, Della Corte Francesca, Serpa Neto Ary, Gama de Abreu Marcelo, Schultz Marcus J, Zangrillo Alberto, Pelosi Paolo, Bignami Elena
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
To determine whether driving pressure and expiratory flow limitation are associated with the development of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in cardiac surgery patients.
DESIGN:
Prospective cohort study.
SETTING:
University Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
PARTICIPANTS:
Patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary endpoint was the occurrence of a predefined composite of PPCs. The authors determined the association among PPCs and intraoperative ventilation parameters, mechanical power and energy load, and occurrence of expiratory flow limitation (EFL) assessed with the positive end-expiratory pressure test. Two hundred patients were enrolled, of whom 78 (39%) developed one or more PPCs. Patients with PPCs, compared with those without PPCs, had similar driving pressure (mean difference [MD] -0.1 [95% confidence interval (CI), -1.0 to 0.7] cmHO, p = 0.561), mechanical power (MD 0.5 [95% CI, -0.3 to 1.1] J/m, p = 0.364), and total energy load (MD 95 [95% CI, -78 to 263] J, p = 0.293), but they had a higher incidence of EFL (51% v 38%, p = 0.005). Only EFL was associated independently with the development of PPCs (odds ratio 2.46 [95% CI, 1.28-4.80], p = 0.007).
CONCLUSIONS:
PPCs occurred frequently in this patient population undergoing cardiac surgery. PPCs were associated independently with the presence of EFL but not with driving pressure, total energy load, or mechanical power.
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Routine practice in mechanical ventilation in cardiac surgery in Italy.
J Thorac Dis2019 Apr;11(4):1571-1579. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.03.04.
Bignami Elena, Di Lullo Antonio, Saglietti Francesco, Guarnieri Marcello, Pota Vincenzo, Scolletta Sabino, Volta Carlo Alberto, Vetrugno Luigi, Cavaliere Franco, Tritapepe Luigi
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Management of mechanical ventilation is a key issue in the prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) and the improvement of surgical outcome. This is especially true in cardiac surgery where the use of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) increases the risk of lung injury. In the last years a growing number of studies have shown that protective ventilation has led to excellent results. However, the literature in this regard is lacking in cardiac surgery and there are no univocal guidelines in this sense. The aim of this survey was to investigate the actual clinical practice about ventilation techniques used in the Italian cardiac surgery centers.
METHODS:
A questionnaire of 32-item was sent to 69 Italian cardiac surgery centers, 56 of which return a completed form (81.2%). The questionnaire was assembled by three independent researchers and the final version was e-mailed to all members of the SIAARTI (Italian society of anesthesia resuscitation and intensive care medicine) Study Group on Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. The answers were collected using a Google Forms sheet. In case of multiple questionnaires returned from the same center (i.e., different physicians from the same center responded) the head of department was asked to give a definite answer. Furthermore, for the 17 centers who reported multiple questionnaires, no large differences were found between the responses of different doctors belonging to the same center (12.3%±4.2% of discordant answers).
RESULTS:
Intraoperatively, patients were ventilated with a tidal volume (TV) of 6-8 mL/kg (91.1% of centers), a positive end-expiration pressure of 3-5 cmHO (76.8% of centers) and a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO) of 50-80% (60.7% of centers). During the CPB, the "stop ventilation" technique was frequently adopted (73.2%). Before the discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) non-invasive ventilation (NIV) was never applied in 32.1% of the centers, but it was used in 46.4% of patients with postoperative complications.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study shows a significant heterogeneity in ventilatory techniques among the Italian centers during CPB, whereas in the other surgical time the majority of the responding centers adopted a protective mechanical ventilation strategy.
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Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level to prevent expiratory flow limitation during cardiac surgery: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial (EFLcore study).
Trials2018 Nov;19(1):654. doi: 654.
Bignami Elena, Spadaro Savino, Saglietti Francesco, Di Lullo Antonio, Corte Francesca Dalla, Guarnieri Marcello, de Simone Giulio, Giambuzzi Ilaria, Zangrillo Alberto, Volta Carlo Alberto
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Lung dysfunction commonly occurs after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Randomized evidence suggests that the presence of expiratory flow limitation (EFL) in major abdominal surgery is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Appropriate lung recruitment and a correctly set positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level may prevent EFL. According to the available data in the literature, an adequate ventilation strategy during cardiac surgery is not provided. The aim of this study is to assess whether a mechanical ventilation strategy based on optimal lung recruitment with a best PEEP before and after CPB and with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) during CPB would reduce the incidence of respiratory complications after cardiac surgery.
METHODS/DESIGN:
This will be a single-center, single-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Using a 2-by-2 factorial design, high-risk adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery will be randomly assigned to receive either a best PEEP (calculated with a PEEP test) or zero PEEP before and after CPB and CPAP (equal to the best PEEP) or no ventilation (patient disconnected from the circuit) during CPB. The primary endpoint will be a composite endpoint of the incidence of EFL after the weaning from CPB and postoperative pulmonary complications.
DISCUSSION:
This study will help to establish a correct ventilatory strategy before, after, and during CPB. The main purpose is to establish if a ventilation based on a simple and feasible respiratory test may preserve lung function in cardiac surgery.
TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02633423 . Registered on 6 December 2017.
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Diaphragmatic Dysfunction FollowingCardiac Surgery: Is There a Role forPulmonary Ultrasound?
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth2018 Oct;32(5):e6-e7. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.04.054.
Bignami Elena, Guarnieri Marcello, Saglietti Francesco, Ramelli Andrea, Vetrugno Luigi
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Different strategies for mechanical VENTilation during CardioPulmonary Bypass (CPBVENT 2014): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Trials2017 Jun;18(1):264. doi: 264.
Bignami Elena, Guarnieri Marcello, Saglietti Francesco, Maglioni Enivarco Massimo, Scolletta Sabino, Romagnoli Stefano, De Paulis Stefano, Paternoster Gianluca, Trumello Cinzia, Meroni Roberta, Scognamiglio Antonio, Budillon Alessandro Maria, Pota Vincenzo, Zangrillo Alberto, Alfieri Ottavio
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
There is no consensus on which lung-protective strategies should be used in cardiac surgery patients. Sparse and small randomized clinical and animal trials suggest that maintaining mechanical ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass is protective on the lungs. Unfortunately, such evidence is weak as it comes from surrogate and minor clinical endpoints mainly limited to elective coronary surgery. According to the available data in the academic literature, an unquestionable standardized strategy of lung protection during cardiopulmonary bypass cannot be recommended. The purpose of the CPBVENT study is to investigate the effectiveness of different strategies of mechanical ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass on postoperative pulmonary function and complications.
METHODS/DESIGN:
The CPBVENT study is a single-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. We are going to enroll 870 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with planned use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients will be randomized into three groups: (1) no mechanical ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass, (2) continuous positive airway pressure of 5 cmHO during cardiopulmonary bypass, (3) respiratory rate of 5 acts/min with a tidal volume of 2-3 ml/Kg of ideal body weight and positive end-expiratory pressure of 3-5 cmHO during cardiopulmonary bypass. The primary endpoint will be the incidence of a PaO/FiO ratio
DISCUSSION:
The CPBVENT trial will establish whether, and how, different ventilator strategies during cardiopulmonary bypass will have an impact on postoperative pulmonary complications and outcomes of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02090205 . Registered on 8 March 2014.
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Volatile anaesthetics added to cardiopulmonary bypass are associated with reduced cardiac troponin.
Perfusion2017 Oct;32(7):547-553. doi: 10.1177/0267659117701562.
Bignami Elena, Guarnieri Marcello, Pieri Marina, De Simone Francesco, Rodriguez Alcira, Cassarà Luigi, Lembo Rosalba, Landoni Giovanni, Zangrillo Alberto
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Every year, over 1 million cardiac surgical procedures are performed all over the world. Reducing myocardial necrosis could have strong implications in postoperative clinical outcomes. Volatile anaesthetics have cardiac protective properties in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery. However, little data exists on the administration of volatile agents during cardiopulmonary bypass. The aim of this study was to assess if volatile anaesthetics administration during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces cardiac troponin release after cardiac surgery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
We retrospectively analysed data from 942 patients who underwent cardiac surgery in a teaching hospital. The only difference between the groups was the management of anaesthesia during CPB. The volatile group received sevoflurane or desflurane while the control group received a combination of propofol infusion and fentanyl boluses. Patients who received volatile anaesthetics during cardiopulmonary bypass (n=314) were propensity-matched 1:2 with patients who did not receive volatile anaesthetics during CPB (n=628).
RESULTS:
We found a reduction in peak postoperative troponin I, from 7.8 ng/ml (4.8-13.1) in the non-volatile group to 6.8 ng/ml (3.7-11.8) in the volatile group (p=0.013), with no differences in mortality [2 (0.6%) in the volatile group and 2 (0.3%) in the non-volatile group (p=0.6)].
CONCLUSIONS:
Adding volatile anaesthetics during cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with reduced peak postoperative troponin levels. Larger studies are required to confirm our data and to assess the effect of volatile agents on survival.
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Feasibility of Anesthesia Maintenance With Sevoflurane During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Pilot Pharmacokinetics Study.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth2017 Aug;31(4):1210-1217. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.12.018.
Meroni Roberta, Gianni Stefano, Guarnieri Marcello, Saglietti Francesco, Gemma Marco, Zangrillo Alberto, Bignami Elena
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
Adequate maintenance of hypnosis during anesthesia throughout surgery using sevoflurane alone was investigated. In addition, sevoflurane pharmacokinetics during cardiopulmonary bypass were analyzed.
DESIGN:
This was a pilot pharmacokinetic study.
SETTING:
Tertiary care university hospital.
PARTICIPANTS:
The study comprised 10 patients aged between 18 and 75 years who underwent elective mitral valve surgery.
INTERVENTIONS:
The end-tidal and sevoflurane plasma concentrations were measured throughout cardiac surgery procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass. The sevoflurane plasma concentration was measured using gas chromatography. In addition, the ratio between sevoflurane alveolar concentration and inspired concentration over time (F/F) was analyzed to describe wash-in and wash-out curves.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Hypnosis was maintained adequately throughout surgery using sevoflurane alone. The bispectral index was maintained between 40 and 60 during cardiopulmonary bypass. The end-tidal sevoflurane was significantly different before and during cardiopulmonary bypass (1.86%±0.54% v 1.30%±0.58%, respectively; p
CONCLUSIONS:
Sevoflurane end-tidal values were reliable indicators of adequate anesthesia during all cardiac surgery procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass.
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Fluid management in cardiac surgery patients: pitfalls, challenges and solutions.
Minerva Anestesiol2017 Jun;83(6):638-651. doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.17.11512-9.
Bignami Elena, Guarnieri Marcello, Gemma Marco
Abstract
Fluid administration is a powerful tool for hemodynamic stabilization as it increases preload and improves cardiac function in fluid-responsive patients. However, there are various types of fluid to choose from. The use of colloids and crystalloids in non-cardiac Intensive Care Units (ICU) has been reported, showing controversial results. Many trials on sepsis in a non-cardiac ICU setting show that colloids, in particular hydroxyethyl starches and gelatins, might have a detrimental effect on kidney function, and on major outcomes such as mortality. Many small randomized clinical trials focusing on coagulation and bleeding show controversial results regarding fluid safety during the perioperative period in cardiac surgery, and in the cardiac ICU. No definitive data are available on the superiority of one fluid compared with another for fluid replacement after cardiac surgery. Only few data are available regarding the impact of fluids on kidney function in the cardiac ICU. On the other hand, there is much evidence showing that fluid administration requires strict protocols and close monitoring. Improved clinical outcomes are evident in protocols for goal-directed therapy. In conclusion, the application of a close monitoring and a pre-defined goal-directed protocol are far more important than the choice of a single fluid. This review examines the available evidence on fluid management in cardiac surgery and in the ICU, and analyzes the key steps of fluid strategy in these settings.
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Esmolol before cardioplegia and as cardioplegia adjuvant reduces cardiac troponin release after cardiac surgery. A randomized trial.
Perfusion2017 May;32(4):313-320. doi: 10.1177/0267659116681437.
Bignami Elena, Guarnieri Marcello, Franco Annalisa, Gerli Chiara, De Luca Monica, Monaco Fabrizio, Landoni Giovanni, Zangrillo Alberto
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Cardioplegic solutions are the standard in myocardial protection during cardiac surgery, since they interrupt the electro-mechanical activity of the heart and protect it from ischemia during aortic cross-clamping. Nevertheless, myocardial damage has a strong clinical impact. We tested the hypothesis that the short-acting beta-blocker esmolol, given immediately before cardiopulmonary bypass and as a cardioplegia additive, would provide an extra protection to myocardial tissue during cardiopulmonary bypass by virtually reducing myocardial activity and, therefore, oxygen consumption to zero.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This was a single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase IV trial. Adult patients undergoing elective valvular and non-valvular cardiac surgery with end diastolic diameter >60 mm and ejection fraction
RESULTS:
We found a reduction in peak postoperative troponin T, from 1195 ng/l (690-2730) in the placebo group to 640 ng/l (544-1174) in the esmolol group (p=0.029) with no differences in Intensive Care Unit stay [3 days (1-6) in the placebo group and 3 days (2-5) in the esmolol group] and hospital stay [7 days (6-10) in the placebo group and 7 days (6-12) in the esmolol group]. Troponin peak occurred at 24 hours for 12 patients (26%) and at 4 hours for the others (74%). There were no differences in other secondary end-points.
CONCLUSIONS:
Adding esmolol to the cardioplegia in high-risk patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery reduces peak postoperative troponin levels. Further investigation is necessary to assess esmolol effects on major clinical outcomes.
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Colloids Versus Crystalloids: Is That the Real Problem?
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth2017 Feb;31(1):e11-e13. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.04.002.
Guarnieri Marcello, Belletti Alessandro, Meroni Roberta, Bignami Elena
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Mechanical Ventilation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth2016 Dec;30(6):1668-1675. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.03.015.
Bignami Elena, Guarnieri Marcello, Saglietti Francesco, Belletti Alessandro, Trumello Cinzia, Giambuzzi Ilaria, Monaco Fabrizio, Alfieri Ottavio
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Clinical practice in perioperative monitoring in adult cardiac surgery: is there a standard of care? Results from an national survey.
J Clin Monit Comput2016 Jun;30(3):347-65. doi: 10.1007/s10877-015-9725-4.
Bignami Elena, Belletti Alessandro, Moliterni Paola, Frati Elena, Guarnieri Marcello, Tritapepe Luigi
Abstract
This study was to investigate and define what is considered as a current clinical practice in hemodynamic monitoring and vasoactive medication use after cardiac surgery in Italy. A 33-item questionnaire was sent to all intensive care units (ICUs) admitting patients after cardiac surgery. 71 out of 92 identified centers (77.2 %) returned a completed questionnaire. Electrocardiogram, invasive blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulse oximetry, diuresis, body temperature and blood gas analysis were identified as routinely used hemodynamic monitoring, whereas advanced monitoring was performed with pulmonary artery catheter or echocardiography. Crystalloids were the fluids of choice for volume replacement (86.8 % of Centers). To guide volume management, central venous pressure (26.7 %) and invasive blood pressure (19.7 %) were the most frequently used parameters. Dobutamine was the first choice for treatment of left heart dysfunction (40 %) and epinephrine was the first choice for right heart dysfunction (26.8 %). Half of the Centers had an internal protocol for vasoactive drugs administration. Intra-aortic balloon pump and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation were widely available among Cardiothoracic ICUs. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were suspended in 28 % of the Centers. The survey shows what is considered as standard monitoring in Italian Cardiac ICUs. Standard, routinely used monitoring consists of ECG, SpO2, etCO2, invasive BP, CVP, diuresis, body temperature, and BGA. It also shows that there is large variability among the various Centers regarding hemodynamic monitoring of fluid therapy and inotropes administration. Further research is required to better standardize and define the indicators to improve the standards of intensive care after cardiac surgery among Italian cardiac ICUs.
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